Invention of blue LEDs receives physics Nobel

Nobel Prize For Physics 2014: Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano And Shuji Nakamura Honored For Blue LED Invention

7 October 2014. Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura
are rewarded the Nobel Prize For Physics for inventing a new energy- efficient and environment-friendly light source – the blue light-emitting diode (LED). In the spirit of Alfred Nobel, the Prize awards an invention of greatest benefit to mankind; by using blue LEDs, white light can be created in a new way. With the advent of LED lamps we now have more long-lasting and more efficient alternatives to older light sources.

New light to illuminate the world

This year’s Nobel Laureates are rewarded for having invented a new energy-efficient and environment-friendly light source – the blue light-emitting diode (LED). In the spirit of Alfred Nobel the Prize rewards an invention of greatest benefit to mankind; using blue LEDs, white light can be created in a new way. With the advent of LED lamps we now have more long-lasting and more efficient alternatives to older light sources.

When Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura produced bright blue light beams from their semi-conductors in the early 1990s, they triggered a funda-mental transformation of lighting technology. Red and green diodes had been around for a long time but without blue light, white lamps could not be created. Despite considerable efforts, both in the scientific community and in industry, the blue LED had remained a challenge for three decades.

They succeeded where everyone else had failed. Akasaki worked together with Amano at the University of Nagoya, while Nakamura was employed at Nichia Chemicals, a small company in Tokushima. 

Their inventions were revolutionary. Incandescent light bulbs lit the 20th century; the 21st century will be lit by LED lamps.

White LED lamps emit a bright white light, are long-lasting and energy-efficient. They are constantly improved, getting more efficient with higher luminous flux (measured in lumen) per unit electrical input power (measured in watt). The most recent record is just over 300 lm/W, which can be compared to 16 for regular light bulbs and close to 70 for fluorescent lamps. As about one fourth of world electricity consumption is used for lighting purposes, the LEDs contribute to saving the Earth’s resources. Materials consumption is also diminished as LEDs last up to 100,000 hours, compared to 1,000 for incandescent bulbs and 10,000 hours for fluorescent lights.

The LED lamp holds great promise for increasing the quality of life for over 1.5 billion people around the world who lack access to electricity grids: due to low power requirements it can be powered by cheap local solar power.
The invention of the blue LED is just twenty years old, but it has already contributed to create white light in an entirely new manner to the benefit of us all.

Nichia LEDs can also be purchased from LedRise.com

White - Royal Blue LED light ratio for color temperatures of 10000K, 12000K, 14000K, 16000K and 20000K

A number of lighting applications pose a challenge for white LEDs because of the color temperature required.  While most white LEDs on the market have a color temperature in the 2700K-6500K range, applications such as aquarium lighting, ask for color temperatures of at least 10000K and sometimes as high as 20000K.

Aquarium LED lighting with light of strong blue tint (color temperature over 10000K)

 To obtain with LEDs white color of temperature higher than 10000K we need to use a combination of white and royal blue LEDs. The table below will show the ratio between royal blue LED spectral power (in mW) and white 4000K LED luminous flux (in lumen) needed to obtain color temperatures of 10000K, 12000K, 14000K, 16000K and 20000K.

Desired color temperature	Royal Blue 450nm LED (mW)	White 4000K LED (lumens)	Royal Blue 455nm LED (mW)	White 4000K LED (lumens)
10000K	1	0,89	0,92	0,92
12000K	1	0,8	0,83	0,83
14000K	1	0,75	0,77	0,77
16000K	1	0,72	0,74	0,74
20000K	1	0,675	0,69	0,69

Explanation:

For a color temperature of 12000K for each mW of spectral power from a Royal Blue 450nm LED we need 0.8 lumen. If the Royal Blue LED has 455m we need 0.83 lumen.


Sample calculation with Cree XT-E 450nm Royal Blue LED and Cree XP-G 2 LED, which you can find at LedRise.

Desired color temperature	Royal Blue LED 450nm	White 4000K LED
10000K	One Cree XT-E 500mW at 350mA	Two Cree XP-G2 4000K at 600mA
12000K	One Cree XT-E 500mW at 350mA	Two Cree XP-G2 4000K at 525mA
14000K	One Cree XT-E 500mW at 350mA	Two Cree XP-G2 4000K at 500mA
16000K	One Cree XT-E 500mW at 350mA	Two Cree XP-G2 4000K at 475mA
20000K	One Cree XT-E 500mW at 350mA	Two Cree XP-G2 4000K at 425mA

You will need a programmable LED Driver for the white LEDs as the one you can find in our shop:

Programmable constant current source 350-2000 mA, 10-20W output CLSD-020

Programming box for constant current source KSQ CLSD-020

Disclaimer:

The values in this post are theoretical and where obtained using a Color Calculator Software from a major LED manufacturer.  Due to the limitations of LED binning and labeling the actual result in real applications might vary. 

If you want a calculation for other LED types please contact us.

Cheap LED lamps (spot lights or bulbs): what is under the hood

 Dangerous GU10 LED Spot Light is Cheap and Bright but could Kill You - Seriously

A very interesting video about a low cost GU10 LED bulb, a very common occurance on website like e-bay or alibaba.

Beyond the well known low lifetime or lumen loss, cheap LED lamps can be very dangerous for people or property:




This is why at LedRise.com you find only LED lamps from well known manufacturers like Osram, Philips, Toshiba, Samsung and so on.

LED Strip Buying Guide

This is a brief LED Strip Buying Guide.  For assistance in choosing the best LED strip please contact us.


LED strips are most commonly used to create lines of light, a very modern approach to lighting.  From the living room, to shops, office spaces, entire building facades or bridges, all can be lit with lines of light.

Having such a wide application range, LED strips are available in hundreds of configurations, with large differences in basic attributes as light produced, wattage, color temperature, lifetime, light quality, IP rating, flexibility of the LED line and much more. This confuses confuses most buyers.

A brief buying guide for LED Strips:

When you want to purchase a LED strip you first should think about the type of lighting you desire.  The most common types are:

• ambient light (self light, cove light, tv back light on the wall and so on)
• intense ambient light ( as above but with increased intensity for some common tasks as navigating a space, eating, conversation)
• general light (the light we need for most task in our home, shop or office)
• intense general light (also called task light, for reading, writing, office work, cooking or to draw attention to a certain area, object or architectural characteristic) 

After you decide on the type of lighting you need, when you search for LED strips you should look at the following three characteristics:

•  brightness per meter (luminous flux, measured in lumens)
•  actual LED lifetime (as opposed to claimed manufacturer lifetime. In brief, if the LED is not a known brand, actual lifetime is in the 1000-5000 hours range)  
• light quality, also called color rendering index, CRI or Ra in short

 Based on the type of lighting (ambient light, intense ambient light, general light, task light) the minimum values for the above three characteristics are:

LED Strips for ambient light 

Minimum Values of LED Strip for ambient light
Brightness per meter	100 lm/m
CRI (light quality)	60
Lifetime for infrequent use	1000 hours
Lifetime for daily use in the home	10.000 hours
Lifetime for daily use, commercial or business	30.000 hours

LED Strips for intense ambient light 

Minimum Values of LED Strip for intense ambient light
Brightness per meter	600 lm/m
CRI (light quality)	70
Lifetime for infrequent use	1000 hours
Lifetime for daily use in the home	10.000 hours
Lifetime for daily use, commercial or business	30.000 hours

LED Strips for general light

 

Minimum Values of LED Strip used for general light
Brightness per meter	1000 lm/m
CRI (light quality)	80
Lifetime for infrequent use	10.000 hours
Lifetime for daily use in the home	15.000 hours
Lifetime for daily use, commercial or business	30.000 hours

LED Strips for intense general light (task light)

Minimum Values of LED Strip used for intense general light
Brightness per meter	1500 lm/m
CRI (light quality)	80
Lifetime for infrequent use	10.000 hours
Lifetime for daily use in the home	15.000 hours
Lifetime for daily use, commercial or business	40.000 hours

You can find in our online shop strips for all of the above types of lighting.

The LED branding game, LED chip vs LED light source

The LED branding game,  LED chip vs LED light source

The brands in the LED market are:

1. Nichia
2. Cree
3. Lumileds
4. Samsung
5. Osram
6. Citizen
7. Bridgelux
8. Seoul Semiconductor

And if a product uses LEDs from one of these brands it has a certain quality guarantee. Therefore, one of the most common questions buyers of LED light ask is:

"What LEDs are used in your product?"

If the answer is for example "We use Cree" then the buyer assumes the product is of very good quality from the point of view of the LED used.  Wrong.

Such an answer is vague and it does not ensure the buyer of anything because a producer of LED lamps or fixtures might be using Cree Chips or actual Cree LEDs.

If we uses Cree Chips (see below where the Chip is inside the LED) it means he buys these chips from Cree and builds an LED with them at a 3-rd party.  In such case, from our experience the quality of the LED light source is most likely substandard.

 

 Only if the producer uses actual Cree LEDs, which we can find on the manufacturer website we can be sure about the high quality of the LED light source. Below, a picture of Cree XP-G 2.

LED Lamp buying guide

For consumers in the European Union the purchase of LED Lamps, also known as LED bulbs, spots or tubes has recently got easier because of the European Directives 1194 from 2012 and 244 from 2009.

According to these directives, for any LED lamp put on the market the provided product
information must make an informed purchase possible.

The Product Information Requirements are:

On the Package:

• Nominal luminous flux of the lamp 
• Energy Label
• Nominal life time of the lamp in hours (not higher than the rated life time);
• Number of switching cycles before premature lamp failure;
• Colour temperature (also expressed as a value in Kelvins);
• Warm-up time up to 60 % of the full light output (may be indicated as ‘instant full light’ if less than 1 second);
• A warning if the lamp cannot be dimmed or can be dimmed only on specific dimmers;
• If designed for optimal use in non-standard conditions (such as ambient temperature Ta ≠ 25 °C), information on those conditions;
• Lamp dimensions in millimeters (length and diameter);
• Equivalence with an incandescent lamp (optional).

 On the Internet:

• The information specified On the Package:
• Rated power (0,1 W precision);
• Rated useful luminous flux;
• Rated lamp life time;
• Lamp power factor;(Lumen maintenance factor at the end of the nominal life (except for filament lamps);
• Starting time (as X,X seconds);
• Colour rendering;
• Colour consistency (only for LEDs);
• Rated peak intensity in candela (cd);
• Rated beam angle;
• If intended for use in outdoor or industrial applications, an indication to this effect;

LedRise recommends to purchase only LED lamps that have the product information mentioned above.

TM-21, the right way to calculate LED lifetime

In the article LED Lifetime - how to calculate it? 
we have explained that the proper way to calculate the lifetime of an LED is with a pair of two standards LM-80 and TM-21.

 LM-80 (explained here) sets the standard of the actual testing while TM-21 specifies how to extrapolate the LM-80 results to times beyond the LM-80 test time.

Now we will briefly explain how the TM-21 extrapolation method can be used to predict LED lifetime and obtain a graph that looks like this:

From the LM-80 report, spreadsheets with a lot of detailed raw data obtained from testing:

We take the following:

• lumen maintenance data recorded at maximum 1000 hour intervals, over a period of at least 6000 hours for the three Case Temperatures (55°C, 85°C and manufacturer chosen)
• sample size where 10 samples is minimum and 20 samples is the optimum for each of the three data sets
• Test duration (hours)
• Tested drive current (mA)
• Number of failures

...and use the calculation method detailed in the TM-21 to predict the lifetime of an LED up to a maximum of 6 times the measured interval.

One can use the following calculator which has all the formulas hardwired.

In conclusion, the industry has moved to set standards which lead to clear rules in the race to acquire customers with lifetime and performance claims. Now it is up to the customers too become informed and ask for supporting data when faced with a lifetime graph like this one:



For 75000 hours at L70 the manufacturer must provide: LM-80 raw test data for 12.500 hours and extrapolation based on the TM-21. Without them the lifetime claim can simply be ignored when making a purchase...

LED lifetime test: the IESNA LM-80 standard

Related articles:

LED Lifetime - how to calculate it?

The IESNA LM-80 standard is the internationally recognized way for Lumen Maintenance Testing of LED light sources, arrays and modules. In other words, it clarifies the way LED brightness depreciation over time is measured. Without this standard, a manufacturer could manipulate the testing in order to obtain values that makes his LEDs stand out from the competition even if their actual quality is sub-standard. A market full with low cost products with 50.000 claimed LED lifetime shows how dire the need is for standards.

The result of IESNA LM-80 can look like this:

 What does it show:

The Lumen Maintenance at 6000 hours, as percentage, where 100% is initial, measured value.

What does not show:

 Determination or estimation of expected life or lumen output beyond test data.

Details required by LM-80:

• drive current for the LEDs tested. The manufacturer can decide the drive current for each LED type which usually includes the typical value, the maximum value and an intermediary value from it datasheet.

• for each drive current the LEDs must be tested at three ambient temperatures (Ta). The manufacturer has the freedom to choose one, the others are 55°C and 85°C.   

How LM-80 prevents misleading test results:

• Testing must be made in a 3-rd party Internationally Recognized Testing Laboratory. The manufacturer can use its own lab only if it accredited for the specific testing by a national or international Accreditation body.
• Intermediary results must be measured and recorded, at least at each 1000 hours.
• Testing and measuring equipment is properly calibreated
• Every aspect of testing is recorded

Results of the test must include: 

• Description of Sources tested
• Sample size
• Ambient conditions (Airflow, temperature, RH etc)
• Case Test point temperature
• Electrical conditions
• Lumen maintenance data
• Observation of failures
• LED monitoring interval
• Chromaticity shift over time

Without testing according to the LM-80 standard any measured lifetime claim is unfounded and must be received with a high degree of scepticism.

All major LED producers now follow the LM-80 testing standard, among them Nichia, Cree, Philips, Osram, Bridgelux and many others.

LED Lifetime, how to calculate it?

 This article is related to the articles that try to come up with answers to the question: "Are the savings promised by LED technology always real?" 

 The fact that a series of articles is needed shows the complexity of this issue.

Before this year, the lack of standards in the LED industry made things even more complicated.
In 2013, we finally have a standard way to predict the L70 lifetime of an LED. And once the LED lifetime is known the it becomes easier to calculate the return of investment for a LED installation.

 I remind what L70 lifetime means:

LED lifetime for use in general lighting = the time when the light output (lumens) has reached 70% of the value from the beginning. It is called L70 lifetime and is presented in the form of a graph:

The fact that LEDs can have a lifetime which can be up to 100 times longer than the time many producers or distributors test them on their premises has raised serious concerns about the validity of LED lifetime claims of tens of thousands of hours, 50.000 hours being the one most used.

To address the issue the IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society of North America) has created two standards, both of international reach and a must respect for any serious LED producer.

The IESNA standards are the LM-80 and the TM-21. The need to have two standards is based on the fact that a LED lifetime claim has two parts:

1. Actual testing of the LED for a variable amount of time: 500 to 10.000 hours in which the evolution of its luminous flux is observed
2. Extrapolation of the decrease in the luminous of the LED over time with the focus on the moment its value reaches 70% (L70).

LM-80 sets the standard of the actual testing while TM-21 specifies how to extrapolate the LM-80 results to times beyond the LM-80 test time.

Without these standards a producer or distributor could pretty much obtain a LED lifetime to suit his advertising needs, by:

- testing too few LEDs
- testing the LEDs in the best possible ambient conditions
- observing the LEDs for only a short time
- using its own (and often secret) method to extrapolate the results, "adjusting" the calculations to reach the desired L70 lifetime.

In the next posts i will briefly present the LM-80 and TM-21 standards because the market needs to be made aware about them and make use of the knowledge when purchasing LED technology. Without LM-80 and TM-21 we can only find out if the savings promised by LED technology are real via costly and time consuming trial-and-error purchases.

The big players in the LED market

In this brief presentation you can discover who are the big players in the LED market and how do they present themselves at the biggest lighting fair in Europe.

LED Spots compared with Halogen Spots

When we need focused light (spotlighting) we usually have a choice between the cheap, hot, halogen spots and the more expensive LED lamps.

Why should we choose LED lamps?  The answer in this short presentation:

LED Bulb vs Compact Fluorescent

Currently two energy savings lighting technologies compete on the market:

• LED
• Fluorescent

If we want to buy an energy saving bulb we have two choices: LED bulbs or Compact Fluorescent bulbs (CFL).  Find out the difference between them in this short presentation:

LED lifetime, real versus advertised

 We continue the quest to find the answer to the question "Are the savings promised by LED technology always real?"

 First we saw how LED performance in real life can be very different from the one advertised, either because of the influence of temperature on brightness or because some producers simply provide false data.

Now we will discuss about the main argument that every seller or producer of LED lamps out there uses to convince: LED lifetime.

LEDs have the potential to last a long time, tens of thousands of hours, much longer than all the other lighting technologies. Therefore, the savings that come from not replacing  the lamps or fixtures so often offset by a significant degree the initial, higher cost, of the LED lamp or fixture. In some cases, replacements cost for a lamp can be 16 times higher than the cost of the lamp itself and thus the long life LED is a very convincing argument.

I have read recently about the plan of the city of Los Angeles to replace, over the next 4 years, 140.000 of the cities street lights with LED lamps. It is, to date, the largest such street LED light replacement program in the world, with an estimated total budget of $57 million. As expected, the LED fixture lifetime was the main reason for this retrofit. It is reported that the lifetime of the LED retrofits that will be used is 10 to 12 years compared to four to six years for a typical street lamp.

LED lifetime vs LED fixture lifetime

To discuss about the lifetime of a LED fixture we first need to approach the issue of LED life.

All lighting technologies (LED, incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, HID and so on) see their brightness diminish as time passes. An incandescent bulb can loose 50% or more of its light output in 40.000 hours, as this 110 years old bulb shows but out of any number of bulbs used, in 1000 hours half of them will fail outright. Therefore, the advertised lifetime of any incandescent bulb is around 1000 hours, being equal to the time it takes for 50% of the installed bulbs to fail and not the 40.000 hours it takes too loose 50% of its brightness.

The same way is used to calculate the lifetime of any other lamp or fixture, except LED:

Lamp lifetime = the time when 50% of the tested or installed lamps fail

LED is the only lighting technology to date for which it takes longer for the lamp to fail than to loose enough light output to make the lamp unusable.

LED lifetime for use in general lighting = the time when the light output (lumens) has reached 70% of the value from the beginning. It is called L70 lifetime.

 For a high performance LED the L70 lifetime could be equal with 80.000 hours or more, as the graph above shows. 

The obvious question that appears from such a graph:  How does the LED producer know the LED has a L70 of 80.000 hours, did he test it for so long? What about this LED bulb producer who claims his bulb has lifespan of 50.000 hours:

Because it would take more than 5 years to test a L70 claim of 50.000 hours and almost 9 years to test one of  80.000 hours, no producer in the world does it. It would make no sense, as the product tested will be long outdated by the time the test results arrive. And because such a test requires specialized equipment, a lab and plenty of technical knowledge, now one else does it either.

Still the market is saturated with products that promise a L70 lifetime of 15.000 to 70.000 hours! Where do these numbers come from?

The source of the L70 lifetime data divides and creates chaos, turmoil in the LED market. Some say the market is a wild west, others a jungle because, until very recently, there was no standard way to calculate LED lifetime. L70 LED lifetime information comes from a combination of testing the LED for 100 to 10.000 hours and then extrapolating the results for X0.000 hours.  How rigorously the test is done (sample size, measurements, time) and how good is the projecting method used decides the outcome.

When there are no rules and the interest is to have a higher LED L70 lifetime, a significant phenomenon of false advertising appears.  As with LED luminous flux, the savings promised by LED technology can occur only if the producer gives true information about lifetime.

In futures posts we will briefly present the standard way in which to obtain L70 lifetime, stay tuned!

About this blog

This blog is written and maintained by Mr. Victor Floroiu, the man behind the LedRise.com concept.  He has 9 years experience in retail and distribution business of LED components and fixtures, having started his first company in this market in 2004.

The main goal of this blog is to help people make an informed buying decision when purchasing LED technology. I will try, as much as possible, to write in an easy to understand language and keep "tech talk"" to a minimum. 

This blog aims to give the basic knowledge and is not written for the skilled professionals in the lighting filed. Therefore technical terms as "luminous flux", "lumen maintenance" and so on are usually translated in plain English.

LED performance, the gap between advertised and real luminous flux (2)

In this previous post we have written about how the brightness (luminous flux) of a LED lamp varies with the operating temperature and have said that some producers only advertise the performance at an optimal, lab temperature, of 25 ºC.

We have also shown that the savings promised by LED technology are real only for high performance LEDs.

Now we will talk about another, more serious, aspect about the advertised performance of LED lamps: false advertised brightness.

The brightness (luminous flux) of a light source is impossible to measure at home. One needs specialized measurement equipment and knowledge to measure the luminous flux and some producers take advantage of this aspect to claim their LED lamp has a lot more lumens than in reality.

Lets look at the specs of the LED bulb below:

The producer of this particular light bulb claims his "High Brightness 5W LED Bulb" has a impressive 550 lumens. But is it true? How can we find out the answer without a lab to do the measurements?

Fairly easy, we use comparison and common sense.

For comparison we go to the website of a known brand, in the case of LED bulbs this can be: Samsung, Philips, Osram, Toshiba and we look at the specifications of a LED bulb with similar wattage:

 The Samsung LED bulb above has 490 lumens for 6.5 Watts and we can find products with similar specifications at the other brands too. Thus, our common sense tells us that the little known producer that claims his bulb has 5 Watts and 550 lumens is not telling the truth.

 The savings promised by LEDs occur only if the producer gives honest information about his product`s performance.
 

LED performance, the gap between advertised and real luminous flux (1)

LED technology has made the decision to buy lighting products very complicated. We are promised important savings in energy and maintenance costs and asked in return to pay a higher price, at times dozens of times higher than other lighting technologies: incandescent, halogen or fluorescent.

But are the savings always real?  
The answer is: it depends...

In this series of articles we will discuss the elements that can define the answer to this question.

Brightness

When we want to replace our old lights with LED or have a new project that needs light, the first thing we take into consideration is brightness. In tech talk this is measured in lumens and is called luminous flux. Unlike a few years ago, today we can see the luminous flux on most lamp packing at the supermarket or find it on the internet at almost all online shops that sell lamps.

 It got like this because brightness has became a very important criteria in the buying decision, so important that some producers/distributors or retailers are willing to give misleading information just to score points in the race for the customers wallet.

Therefore, in the case of some products there is a gap between the advertised brightness and the real, so large that can turn the hole savings argument to buy LEDs on its head.

How temperature affects LED brightness

The performance of LEDs is greatly influenced by ambient and junction temperature (the one inside the LED) as every degree beyond 25 ºC decreases its brightness (lumen output). The amount of lumens lost is what makes buying LED lamps complicated.

A good LED, a Nichia SMD LED for example, will loose less than 10% if the nearby ambient temperature reaches 60 ºC, a very common value inside most fixtures.

 

On the other hand, a not so good LED, an OEM 3258 SMD for example,  will loose at 60 ºC almost half of its brightness.

Most LED producers advertise their products with the performance at 25 ºC but only some mention the temperature at which it was measured and even fewer provide a graph to show the connection between the two values, as the ones above.

Therefore, are the savings promised by LEDs always real?
The savings are real for a high performance LED and false for a low performance one.

When buying LED technology we should always take in consideration this aspect, especially if the price of the product is low or the producer is not a known brand.

Some top brands of LEDs: Cree, Nichia, Osram, Philips, Bridgelux, Citizen...